Tariff: A tax or duty to be paid on goods crossing borders. What is the Brexit transition period? How many trade deals has the UK done? I thought the UK had already left the EU? So what changes on 1 January? What's in the Brexit deal? Image source, Reuters. Will there be disruption at the borders? Is this finally the end of having to hear about Brexit? What Brexit words mean. Brexit: Seven things that will change on 1 January The key points of the Brexit deal How to get ready for Brexit in How your Europe holidays will change.
The debate over Europe rages on. How Euro crisis could hit UK jobs. Europe's financial crisis hits UK. European debt crisis explained. How does the European Union work? Image source, Reuters.
Key European Union policy areas. Image source, C British Broadcasting Corporation. There are still border controls in the UK, unlike in most parts of the EU. Those are essentially extra payments or restrictions. Other EU policy areas. Image source, AFP. Light bulbs across the EU now have to be energy-efficient and have ratings. The bill, which would grant ministers the power to violate international law, was greeted with uproar both within the UK and abroad, with the EU and the US warning it could jeopardise the Good Friday Agreement.
Some commentators saw the bill as a negotiating gambit, but the EU has so far refused to back down, launching legal action while vowing to continue negotiating in the hope of a breakthrough.
Talks continue, but many on both sides of the negotiation fear the longer they go on, the more likely no-deal becomes. Arguments presented during the referendum campaign covered politics, economics and national identity:.
Brexiteers argued that leaving the EU would result in an immediate cost saving, as the country would no longer contribute to the EU budget. What was harder to determine was whether the financial advantages of EU membership, such as free trade and inward investment, outweighed the upfront costs.
The EU is a single market in which imports and exports between member states are exempt from tariffs and other barriers. Services, including financial services, can also be offered without restriction across the continent. The consequences of Brexit for businesses that took advantage of these freedoms was always a matter of debate and conjecture.
Within the EU, Britain also benefited from trade deals between the EU and other world powers now including Canada and Japan, which have both concluded free-trade deals with the EU since the UK voted to leave. Outside the EU, said Remainers, the UK would lose the benefits of free trade with neighbours and reduce its negotiating power with the rest of the world. Brexiteers, meanwhile, said the UK could compensate for those disadvantages by establishing its own trade agreements - and that most small and medium-sized firms, which have never traded overseas, would be freed of the regulatory burden that comes with EU membership.
Brexit campaigners proposed several different models for post-EU trade policy. Farage has since cooled on the Norwegian model, and now favours no deal at all - which would result in the introduction of tariffs under World Trade Organization rules.
Business for New Europe said tax revenues would drop if companies carrying out large amounts of business with Europe - particularly banks - moved their headquarters back into the EU.
But Brexit supporters were adamant that a deal to allow continued tariff-free trading would be secured even if the UK left the single market. Others suggested that Britain could cut links with Europe and reinvent itself as a Singapore-style economy, free from EU rules and regulations.
Since the Brexit vote, many banks and financial firms have been establishing EU bases to take some staff out of the UK - although most seem likely to maintain the majority of their British operations. Some car-makers have fared less well, but non-Brexit-related factors have also played a part in this gloomy outcome. For Brexiteers, sovereignty was seen as a simple win: even the most ardent Remainers had to admit that EU membership involved giving up some control over domestic affairs.
Those on the right of the Conservative party might have disagreed with her emphasis, but they shared the view that EU institutions drained power from the UK parliament. For Leavers, exiting the EU would allow Britain to re-establish itself as a truly independent nation with connections to the rest of the world.
For Remainers, it would result in the country giving up its influence in Europe, turning back the clock and retreating from the global power networks of the 21st century. To them, EU membership involved a worthwhile exchange of sovereignty for influence: in return for agreeing to abide by EU rules, they said, Britain had a seat around the negotiating table and its voice was amplified on the world stage as a result.
Under EU law, Britain could not prevent a citizen of another member state from coming to live in the UK, and Britons benefited from an equivalent right to live and work anywhere else in the bloc. The result was a huge increase in immigration into Britain, particularly from eastern and southern Europe. According to the Office for National Statistics, in there were , eastern Europeans, Romanians and Bulgarians working in the UK, along with , western Europeans and 2.
China and India were the biggest source of foreign workers in the UK. Many Remainers acknowledged that the pace of immigration had led to some difficulties with housing and service provision, but said the net effect had been overwhelmingly positive. Most wanted a substantial cut in immigration, although some said it was less about numbers than the principle of national sovereignty.
Pro-EU campaigners put economic security at the heart of their message, claiming three million jobs would be lost if Britain voted to leave. Those two simple positions masked a complex debate about economic forecasts and employment rates, which intersected with arguments about trade policy and migration. Take immigration, for example.
Central government spending and local government spending are both included. The amount covers the whole of the UK. Its figures differ to those reported by the ONS as they are estimates, compared with the final figures used in the ONS publication. Treasury figures are also presented on a cash basis, whereas ONS data are presented on an accruals basis.
European Commission figures are from the data download in their financial report and have been converted into sterling using the annual average exchange rate for each year from the Bank of England website. They account for all payments it receives from the UK government and payments it makes to the UK public and private sector bodies. There are also some payments to the EC that are not allocated to a particular country and are therefore also not included in their figures.
Another important point to consider is that the UK may still be committed to certain types of spending even after leaving the EU, so there may be current contributions that may not be saved.
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